Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely employed in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical stability

Wastewater treatment systems are facing increasing challenges to successfully remove pollutants and generate high-quality effluent. Traditional methods often face difficulties in treating certain contaminants, leading to ecological concerns. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a pote